Albaugh, M. D., Ottino-Gonzalez, J., Sidwell, A., Lepage, C., Juliano, A., Owens, M. M., Chaarani, B., Spechler, P., Fontaine, N., Rioux, P., Lewis, L., Jeon, S., Evans, A., D’Souza, D., Radhakrishnan, R., Banaschewski, T., Bokde, A. L. W., Quinlan, E. B., Conrod, P., Garavan, H. (2021). Association of cannabis use during adolescence with neurodevelopment. JAMA Psychiatry, 78(9), 1031–1040. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.1258
Albert, M., Hurrelmann, K., Quenzel, G. & TNS Infratest Sozialforschung. (2011). Jugend 2010: Shell-Jugendstudie. Vol. 16 (2e éd.). t. 18857. Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verl.
Albert, M., Quenzel, G., Moll, F. de, Leven, I., McDonnell, S., Rysina, A., Schneekloth, U. & Wolfert, S. (2024). Jugend 2024 – 19. Shell Jugendstudie: Pragmatisch zwischen Verdrossenheit und gelebter Vielfalt (1re éd.). Julius Beltz GmbH & Co. KG.
https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bsz:31-epflicht-3163402
Badura, P., Eriksson, C., García-Moya, I., Löfstedt, P., Melkumova, M., Sotiroska, K., Wilson, M., Brown, J. & Inchley, J. (2024). A focus on adolescent social contexts in Europe, central Asia and Canada: Health Behaviour in School-aged Children international report from the 2021/2022 survey. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/379486
Bandura, A. (1993). Perceived self-efficacy in cognitive development and functioning. Educational Psychologist, 28(2), 117–148. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep2802_3
Benton, T. D., Boyd, R. C. & Njoroge, W. F. M. (2021). Addressing the global crisis of child and adolescent mental health. JAMA pediatrics, 175(11), 1108–1110. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2479
Berndt, N., Kugener, T., Wiltgen, L., Gorges, L., Ammermann, I. & Origer, A. (2025). National Drug Report 2025: The drug phenomenon in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg: Trends and developments. EUDA; RELIS, Ministère de la Santé et de la Sécurité sociale. https://santesecu.public.lu/fr/publications/r/rapport-national-drogues-2025.html
Boyd, J., Sexton, O., Angus, C., Meier, P., Purshouse, R. C. & Holmes, J. (2022). Causal mechanisms proposed for the alcohol harm paradox – a systematic review. Addiction, 117(1), 33–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.15567
Brajša-Žganec, A., Merkaš, M. & Šverko, I. (2011). Quality of life and leisure activities: How do leisure activities contribute to subjective well-being? Social Indicators Research, 102(1), 81–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-010-9724-2
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1995). Developmental ecology through space and time: A future perspective. In P. Moen, G. H. Elder & K. Lüscher (Eds.), Examining Lives in Context: Perspectives on the Ecology of Human Development (p. 619–647). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10176-018
Bulut, H., Residori, C., Schomaker, L., Höpner, M. & Samuel, R. (2022). Substance consumption among young people in Luxembourg in 2019 and 2020. https://www.youth-in-luxembourg.lu/substance-consumption-among-young-people-in-luxembourg/ https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/58AXU
Caldwell, L. (2005). Leisure and health: why is leisure therapeutic? British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 33(1), 7–26.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03069880412331335939
Catunda, C., Mendes, F. G. & Lopes Ferreira, J. (2023). Risikoverhalten von Kindern und Jugendlichen im Schulalter in Luxemburg – Bericht über die HBSC-Umfrage 2022 in Luxemburg. University of Luxembourg. https://orbilu.uni.lu/bitstream/10993/61122/1/HBSC_2022_Bericht%20Risikoverhalten.pdf
Chan, O., Daudi, A., Ji, D., Wang, M., Steen, J. P., Parnian, P., Li, C., Xiong, A., Zhang, W., Lopes, L. C., MacKillop, J., Busse, J. W. & Wang, L. (2024). Cannabis use during adolescence and young adulthood and academic achievement: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA pediatrics, 178(12), 1280–1289. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2024.3674
Charrier, L., van Dorsselaer, S., Canale, N., Baska, T., Kilibarda, B., Comoretto, R. I., Galeotti, T., Brown, J. & Vieno, A. (2024).
A focus on adolescent substance use in Europe, central Asia and Canada. Health Behaviour in School-aged Children international report from the 2021/2022 survey: t. 3. WHO Regional Officefor Europe.
Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94, 95–120.
https://doi.org/10.1086/228943
Deutsches Jugendinstitut. (2010). Aufwachsen in Deutschland: Alltagswelten (AID: A) 2009. Fragebögen. https://dbk.gesis.org/dbksearch/download.asp?db=D&id=45989
Diener, E., Oishi, S. & Lucas, R. (2009). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and life satisfaction. In S. J. Lopez, C. R. Snyder, E. Diener, S. Oishi & R. E. Lucas (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of positive psychology (p. 187–194). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195187243.013.0017
Direction de la Santé (Eds.). (2025). Cannabis: Habitudes de consommation, d’acquisition et de culture à domicile de cannabis à des fins récréatives. https://santesecu.public.lu/fr/publications/c/cannabis-etude-factsheet-1.html
Eccles, J. S. & Barber, B. L. (1999). Student council, volunteering, basketball, or marching band. Journal of Adolescent Research, 14(1), 10–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558499141003
ESS. (2016). European Social Survey Round 8. https://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/docs/round8/fieldwork/source/ESS8_source_questionnaires.pdf
European Union Agency For Fundamental Rights. (2018). Purchasing and consuming alcohol. https://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2017/mapping-minimum-age-requirements-concerning-rights-child-eu/purchasing-and-consuming-alcohol
European Union Drugs Agency. (2025). European drug report 2025: Trends and developments. https://www.euda.europa.eu/publications/european-drug-report/2025_en
Fegert, J., Vitiello, B., Plener, P. & Clemens, V. (2020). Challenges and burden of the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic for child and adolescent mental health: a narrative review to highlight clinical and research needs in the acute phase and the long return to normality. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 14, 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-020-00329-3
Forouzanfar, M. H., Afshin, A., Alexander, L. T., Anderson, H. R., Bhutta, Z. A., Biryukov, S., Brauer, M., Burnett, R., Cercy, K., Charlson, F. J., Cohen, A. J., Dandona, L., Estep, K., Ferrari, A. J., Frostad, J. J., Fullman, N., Gething, P. W., Godwin, W. W., Griswold, M., Murray, C. J. L. (2016). Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. The Lancet, 388(10053), 1659–1724. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31679-8
Gebhardt, W. (2020). Jugendkultur, Jugendsubkultur, Jugendszene.: Zur Soziologie juveniler Vergemeinschaftung. In D. Altenburg & R. Bayreuther (Eds.), Musik und kulturelle Identität: Band 1: Öffentliche Vorträge, Roundtables und Symposien A (490–498). Sächsische Landesbibliothek – Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden.
GESIS. (2008). European Values Study 2008. Master Questionnaire. Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences; Tilburg University. https://www.scribd.com/document/396476934/Questionnaire
Glantz, S. A., Nguyen, N. & Da Oliveira Silva, A. L. (2024). Population-based disease odds for e-cigarettes and dual use versus cigarettes. NEJM Evidence, 3(3). https://doi.org/10.1056/EVIDoa2300229
Gorman, B. K. & Sivaganesan, A. (2007). The role of social support and integration for understanding socioeconomic disparities in self-rated health and hypertension. Social Science & Medicine, 65(5), 958–975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.04.017
Grant, B., Stinson, F. & Harford, T. (2001). Age at onset of alcohol use and DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence: A 12-year follow-up. Journal of Substance Abuse, 13(4), 493–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-3289(01)00096-7
Hackauf, H. & Quenzel, G. (2020). Diversität von Gesundheit und Krankheit im Kinder- und Jugendalter. In R. Haring (Ed.), Springer Reference Pflege – Therapie – Gesundheit. Gesundheitswissenschaften (p. 1–11). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54179-1_43-2
Hall, W., Leung, J. & Lynskey, M. (2020). The effects of cannabis use on the development of adolescents and young adults. Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, 2(1), 461–483. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-devpsych-040320-084904
Harring, M., Böhm-Kasper, O., Rohlfs, C. & Palentien, C. (2010). Peers als Bildungs- und Sozialisationsinstanzen – eine Einführung in die Thematik. In M. Harring, O. Böhm-Kasper, C. Rohlfs & C. Palentien (Eds.), Freundschaften, Cliquen und Jugendkulturen (S. 9–19). VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-92315-4_1
Hartas, D. (2021). The social context of adolescent mental health and wellbeing: parents, friends and social media. Research Papers in Education, 36(5), 542–560. https://doi.org/10.1080/02671522.2019.1697734
Health Behaviour in School-aged Children Luxembourg Study. (2023a). Data visualization of the findings from Luxembourg HBSC surveys. https://hbsc.uni.lu/de/de-dashboard/
Health Behaviour in School-aged Children Luxembourg Study. (2023b). Data visualization of the findings from Luxembourg HBSC surveys. https://hbsc.uni.lu/de-dashboard/
Heinen, A., Samuel, R, Vögele, C. & Willems, H. (Eds.). (2022). Wohlbefinden und Gesundheit im Jugendalter. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-35744-3
Heinen, A., Schobel, M., Residori, C., Schulze, T. & Samuel, R. (2021). Was Jugendliche für ihr Wohlbefinden und ihre Gesundheit tun oder nicht tun. In Nationaler Bericht zur Situation der Jugend in Luxemburg 2020: Wohlbefinden und Gesundheit von Jugendlichen in Luxemburg (p. 99–127): Centre for Childhood and Youth Research (CCY), Universität Luxemburg; Ministère del’Éducation nationale, de l’Enfance et de la Jeunesse.
Heinen, A., Schulze, T., Schobel, M., Schembri, E. & Willems, H. (2021). Welche Bedeutung das soziale Umfeld für das Wohlbefinden der Jugendlichen hat: Familie, Freunde, Schule und weitere Lebensbereiche. In Nationaler Bericht zur Situation der Jugend in Luxemburg 2020: Wohlbefinden und Gesundheit von Jugendlichen in Luxemburg (p. 127–155): Centre for Childhood and Youth Research (CCY), Universität Luxemburg; Ministère de l’Éducation nationale, de l’Enfance et de la Jeunesse.
Hindley, G., Beck, K., Borgan, F., Ginestet, C. E., McCutcheon, R., Kleinloog, D., Ganesh, S., Radhakrishnan, R., D’Souza, D. C. & Howes, O. D. (2020). Psychiatric symptoms caused by cannabis constituents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(4), 344–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30074-2
Hoffmann, D., Krotz, F. & Reißmann, W. (Eds.). (2017). Mediatisierung und Mediensozialisation. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-14937-6
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation & University of Washington. (2024). Global Burden of Disease 2021: Findings from the GBD 2021 Study. https://www.healthdata.org/sites/default/files/2024-05/GBD_2021_Booklet_FINAL_2024.05.16.pdf
Institute for Social Research and Analysis. (2004). Political participation of young people in Europe – Development of indicators for comparative research in the European Union (EUYOUPART). https://www.dji.de/fileadmin/user_upload/bibs/D12QuestionnaireandGuidelinesNationalSurveys.pdf
Ipsos European Public Affairs. (2025). Eurobarometer – Youth Survey 2024. European Union. https://euagenda.eu/publications/download/618750
Jackson, C. A., Henderson, M., Frank, J. W. & Haw, S. J. (2012). An overview of prevention of multiple risk behaviour in adolescence and young adulthood. Journal of Public Health (Oxford, England), 34 Suppl 1, 31-40. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdr113
Jandrić, P. & Knox, J. (2022). The postdigital turn: Philosophy, education, research. Policy Futures in Education, 20(7), 780–795. https://doi.org/10.1177/14782103211062713
Kelley, A. E., Schochet, T. & Landry, C. F. (2004). Risk taking and novelty seeking in adolescence: introduction to part I. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1021, 27–32. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1308.003
Larson, R. W. (2000). Toward a psychology of positive youth development. American Psychologist, 55(1), 170–183.
https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.55.1.170
Leather, N. (2009). Risk-taking behaviour in adolescence: a literature review. Journal of Child Health Care: For Professionals Working With Children in the Hospital Community, 13(3), 295–304. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367493509337443
Lees, B., Meredith, L. R., Kirkland, A. E., Bryant, B. E. & Squeglia, L. M. (2020). Effect of alcohol use on the adolescent brain and behavior. Pharmacy, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172906
Legleye, S., Khlat, M., Aubin, H.J. & Bricard, D. (2024). Adolescent hazardous drinking and socioeconomic status in France: Insights into the alcohol harm paradox. Journal of Adolescent Health, 74(3), 458–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.10.008
Lloyd, K. & Auld, C. (2002). The role of leisure in determining quality of life: issues of content and measurement. Social Indicators Research, 57(1), 43–71. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013879518210
Lopes Ferreira, J., Mendes, F. G. & Catunda, C. (2024). Social context in school-aged children in Luxembourg – Report on the Luxembourg HBSC Survey 2022. MENJE; MS – Direction de la Santé.
Malecki, C. K. & Demaray, M. K. (2006). Social support as a buffer in the relationship between socio economic status and academic performance. School Psychology Quarterly, 21(4), 375–395. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0084129
Marshall, E. J. (2014). Adolescent alcohol use: risks and consequences. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 49(2), 160–164. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24402246/
McPherson, K. E., Kerr, S., McGee, E., Morgan, A., Cheater, F. M., McLean, J. & Egan, J. (2014). The association between social capital and mental health and behavioural problems in children and adolescents: An integrative systematic review. BMC Psychology, 2(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/2050-7283-2-7
Michaelis, T., Nilles, J.P. & Fischer, U. C. (2022). (Sucht)Prävention zwischen Restriktion, normativen Erwartungen und unterstützender Begleitung zur Gestaltung psychischer Gesundheit. In A. Heinen, R. Samuel, C. Vögele & H. Willems (Eds.), Wohlbefinden und Gesundheit im Jugendalter (p. 601–621). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-35744-3_27
Ministère de la Santé (MS) & PALMA. (2020). Plan d’Action Luxembourgeois de réduction du Méusage de l’Alcool.
https://santesecu.public.lu/fr/publications/p/plan-national-alcool-2020-2024.html
Nitzko, S. & Seiffge-Krenke, I. (2009). Wohlbefindensforschung im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Zeitschrift für Gesundheitspsychologie, 17(2), 69–81. https://doi.org/10.1026/0943-8149.17.2.69
Origer, A. (2022). Controlled drugs, use, abuse and youth: A meaningful, yet evolving relationship. In A. Heinen, R. Samuel, C. Vögele & H. Willems (Eds.), Wohlbefinden und Gesundheit im Jugendalter (p. 343–361). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-35744-3_16
Passmore, A. & French, D. (2001). Development and administration of a measure to assess adolescents’ participation in leisure activities. Adolescence, 36(141), 67–75. https://research.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=a0819e6a-6327-305c-af22-61488ef67ee7
Pfeifer, J. H. & Allen, N. B. (2021). Puberty initiates cascading relationships between neurodevelopmental, social, and internalizing processes across adolescence. Biological Psychiatry, 89(2), 99–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.09.002
Pilkington, H. (2007). Beyond ‘peer pressure’: Rethinking drug use and ‘youth culture’. International Journal of Drug Policy, 18(3), 213–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2006.08.003
Police Lëtzebuerg. (2025). Rauschgifte. https://police.public.lu/de/legislation/stupefiants.html
Quenzel, G. (2015). Entwicklungsaufgaben und Gesundheit im Jugendalter. Beltz. http://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bsz:31-epflicht-1122587
Quenzel, G. & Hurrelmann, K. (2022). Lebensphase Jugend: Eine Einführung in die sozialwissenschaftliche Jugendforschung (Grundlagentexte Soziologie). Beltz Verlagsgruppe. http://www.content-select.com/index.php?id=bib_view&ean=9783779926245
Randle, M., Eckersley, R. & Miller, L. (2017). Societal and personal concerns, their associations with stress, and the implications for progress and the future. Futures, 93, 68–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2017.07.004
Residori, C., Salza. G., Scheifer G., Hamid, B., Haußmann, C.& Samuel, R. (2025). Youth Survey Luxembourg – Technical Report 2024 Cross-Sectional Survey. Edited by University of Luxembourg.Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
Robert Koch-Institut (RKI). (2008). Erkennen–Bewerten–Handeln: Zur Gesundheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland. https://edoc.rki.de/bitstream/handle/176904/3146/25VQivifMG6zQ77.pdf?sequence=1
Röhrle, B. (2023). Wohlbefinden/Well-Being. In: Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung (BZgA) (Ed.). Leitbegriffe der Gesundheitsförderung und Prävention. Glossar zu Konzepten, Strategien und Methoden. https://doi.org/10.17623/BZGA:Q4-i134-1.0
Schomaker, Lea; Residori, Caroline, & Samuel, Robin. (2022). Young people and COVID-19: Social, economic, and health consequences of infection prevention and control measures among young people in Luxembourg – Technical Report 2021
Cross-Sectional Survey. Esch-sur-Alzette: University of Luxembourg. University of Luxembourg. https://osf.io/4amqu/ https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/4AMQU
Schumacher, A., Heinen, A., Willems, H., & Samuel, R. (2021). Konzeption des Jugendberichtes. In Ministère de l‘Éducation nationale, de l‘Enfance et de la Jeunesse & Université du Luxembourg(Eds.), Nationaler Bericht zur Situation der Jugend in Luxemburg 2020. Gesundheit und Wohlbefinden von Jugendlichen in Luxemburg, p. 29-47.
Simons, J., Correira, C., Carey, K. & Borsari, B. (1998). Validating a five-factor marijuana motives measure: Relations with use, problems, and alcohol motives. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45(3), 265–273. https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2F0022-0167.45.3.265
Sozio, M. E., Procopio, A. & Samuel, R. (2020). Youth Survey Luxembourg: Technical report 2019. University of Luxembourg.
https://orbilu.uni.lu/bitstream/10993/44343/1/2019_Youth_Survey_Luxembourg_Technical_Report.pdf
Spear, L. P. (2018). Effects of adolescent alcohol consumption on the brain and behaviour. Nature reviews. Neuroscience, 19(4), 197–214. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2018.10
Trimpop, R. (1994). The psychology of risk taking behavior. Advances in psychology: t. 107. North-Holland.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/bookseries/01664115/107
Vacchiano, M. & Bolano, D. (2021). Online and offline leisure, relatedness and psychological distress: a study of young people in Switzerland. Leisure Studies, 40(3), 338–351. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2020.1862282
Vîslă, A., Stadelmann, C., Watkins, E., Zinbarg, R. E. & Flückiger, C. (2022). The relation between worry and mental health in nonclinical population and individuals with anxiety and depressive disorders: A meta-analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 46(3), 480–501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-021-10288-4
Volkow, N. D., Baler, R. D., Compton, W. M. & Weiss, S. R. (2014). Adverse health effects of marijuana use. New England Journal of Medicine, 370(23), 2219–2227. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1402309
Weber, A., Hörmann, G. & Heipertz, W. (2007). Arbeitslosigkeit und Gesundheit aus sozialmedizinischer Sicht. Deutsches Ärzteblatt, 104(43), A2957-A2952.
WHO Regional Office for Europe. (2025). European health report 2024: Keeping health high on the agenda. https://www.who.int/europe/publications/i/item/WHO-EURO-2025-10668-50440-76183
World Health Organisation. (2021). Tobacco control to improve child health and development: Thematic brief (1st ed.).
https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/340162/9789240022218-eng.pdf?sequence=1
Zolopa, C., Burack, J. A., O’Connor, R. M., Corran, C., Lai, J., Bomfim, E., DeGrace, S., Dumont, J., Larney, S. & Wendt, D. C. (2022). Changes in youth mental health, psychological wellbeing, and substance use during the COVID-19 pandemic: A rapid review. Adolescent Research Review, 7(2), 161–177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-022-00185-6
Zimet, G., Dahlem, N., Zimet, S. & Farley, G. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30–41. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2